I am incredibly excited to read the translation of Foucault’s 1979-1980 Collège de France lectures, On the Government of the Living, which looks like it will be published later in 2014. It is the lecture series that follows The Birth of Biopolitics which, along with the previous Security, Territory, Population,
has been very important for my own work. I am so looking forward to this book, in fact, that when it came time to learn a second foreign language, I chose to learn French by translating its first chapter. I have decided to put my translation up here in case anyone else is interested. Please, please, please, please be warned: this is how I learned
French, it is a very amateur piece of translation. It’s also a bit hasty; what I did, essentially, was to translate it word for word, then I went back and revised it to sound more natural. It’s going to sound uneven, oscillating between a very formal tone (it’s just what happens when one follows the labyrinthine French constructions) and a very casual conversational tone that comes from a mixture of Foucault’s own spoken language and my inept and hasty revisions.
There are a few French words I decided to include in brackets. They are words which are translated as knowledge [savoir/connaissance] and the truth [la vérité/ce vrai]. Since the word “vrai” can be a adjective as well as a noun, I have tried to translate the noun “vrai” as “true” (as in “the true”) but sometimes the preceding article is a demonstrative, in which case I have translated it as “truth” (because “this true” and “that true” doesn’t quite work in English). The difference between “savoir” and connaissance, and their importance for Foucault’s work, is fairly well known. Generally, it is taken that “savoir” means knowledge in a more abstract or general sense, whereas “connaissance” tends to imply familiarity, expertise, or recognition. You can find useful references to this distinction in the translation notes in all three volumes of the Essential Works of Michel Foucault series published by the New Press (edited by Paul Rabinow). I have followed the convention of the English translations of his Collège de France lectures in not translating raison d'Etat (the reason of the State).
Again, this is more of a personal translation exercise, so expect there to be awkward phrasings, unclear sections, and outright inaccuracies.
Micheal Whelan's cover for Asimov's Foundation's Edge
Michel Foucault's lecture January 9, 1980, Du Gouvernement des Vivants.
The historian Dion Cassius recounts the following story regarding
the Roman emperor Septimius Severus who reigned, as you all know—well, as I
myself have known since yesterday, at any rate—at the turn of the 2nd
and of the 3rd century, between 193 and 211, I believe. Septimius
Severus ordered the construction of a palace, and in this palace, of course, a
great ceremonial room in which he gave audience, rendered his sentences, and
distributed justice. And on the ceiling of this room in his palace, Septimius
Severus had a representation of the sky painted, a representation of the starry
sky, and it was not unimportant which sky, nor unimportant which stars, nor
unimportant what position of celestial bodies were represented. He had the sky
above his birth represented, the conjunction of stars which had presided over
his birth and, consequently, over his destiny. Doing this—or rather having ordered
this done—Septimius Severus had, of course, a certain number of very clear and
explicit intentions which can be reconstructed easily enough. It was for him a
matter of inscribing the conjectural and particular sentences which he rendered
within the very system of the world, and of showing how the logos, which presided over the order of
the world and which had presided over his birth, was the same as that which
organized, founded and justified the sentences that he rendered. That which he
said in a particular circumstance of the world, that which was said in a
particular kairos as the Stoics would
say, was precisely of the very order of things secured up there, once and for
all. It was equally for him a matter of showing how his reign had been founded
on the celestial bodies, that he, a soldier of Leptis Magna who had seized
power by force and violence, had not seized power by mistake, nor by accident,
nor by some plot of men, but the very necessity of the world had called him to
the place where he was. And that which right could not establish—his reign, his
seizure of power—the celestial bodies justified once and for all. Finally,
third, it was a matter of showing in advance his own fortune, as emperor, and the
extent to which it was inevitable, inaccessible in that that it was impossible for
anyone—for some plotter, rival, or enemy that would be—to seize the throne
which was shown by the celestial bodies to belong to him alone, against whom none
in the future could prevail. His fortune was good, his fortune was secure—the
past had indicated it—but for the future things were definitely sealed as well.
Thus uncertain and particular acts, a past which had been made by chance and
luck, a future which none could know, certainly, but which some would have been
able to take advantage of in order to threaten the emperor: all of this had returned
to necessity and must have been seen on the ceiling of the room where he
rendered his sentences as truth [vérité]. What manifested itself here at
the lowest level—I was going to say on the floor—as power actually could and
must have been deciphered in the night sky.